PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances) are a group of man-made chemicals that are resistant to degradation, meaning they can persist in the water, soil, and air in many regions for a long time. Due to their widespread use in various products, PFAS have become a significant environmental concern. While ongoing research is exploring the full range of potential health effects associated with PFAS exposure, some studies have linked PFAS to several health concerns. The extent of these health effects can vary depending on the type of PFAS, exposure levels, and individual factors. Below table summarized the potential health effects, contamination source, and how we might get exposured to PFAS in daily life.
| Potential Health Effects of PFAS Exposure | Sources of PFAS Contamination | Exposure pathways | |
| 1 | Reproductive effects: Decreased fertility, increased risk of preeclampsia, and low birth weight in infants. | Chemical manufacturing: Companies that produce PFAS or use them in manufacturing processes can release these chemicals into the environment through wastewater, air emissions, or disposal of contaminated materials. | Drinking contaminated water: The most common way people are exposed to PFAS is through drinking contaminated water. |
| 2 | Developmental effects: Delays in children’s development, including low birth weight, accelerated puberty, bone variations, and behavioral changes. | Firefighting foams: Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), used in firefighting, contains PFAS and can contaminate water sources if not handled properly. | Consuming contaminated food: PFAS can accumulate in fish and other food products, especially those produced in areas with contaminated water or soil. |
| 3 | Increased risk of certain cancers: Studies have suggested a potential link between PFAS exposure and increased risk of kidney, testicular, and prostate cancers. | Non-stick cookware: PFAS are used in the manufacturing of non-stick coatings for cookware, which can leach into food if heated to high temperatures. | Inhaling contaminated air: PFAS can be released into the air through industrial emissions and the use of PFAS-containing products. |
| 4 | Immune system effects: Reduced ability of the body’s immune system to fight infections, including reduced vaccine response. | Stain-resistant fabrics: PFAS are often used to treat fabrics to make them stain-resistant, but they can leach into water during washing.Personal care products: Some personal care products, such as toothpaste, shampoo, and makeup, may contain PFAS. | Skin contact: Exposure can occur through skin contact with contaminated soil or water. |
| 5 | Hormone disruption: Interference with the body’s natural hormones, which can lead to various health problems. | Food packaging: PFAS can be found in food packaging materials, such as pizza boxes and microwave popcorn bags.Landfills and Waste Disposal Sites: | |
| 6 | Liver and kidney damage: Exposure to high levels of PFAS has been associated with liver and kidney damage. | Disposal of PFAS-containing products: Improper disposal of products containing PFAS can lead to their release into the environment.Leachate from landfills and wastewater treatment plants.Exposure Pathways: |
More research is needed to fully understand the long-term health implications of PFAS exposure. If you have concerns about PFAS exposure, it’s recommended to consult with a healthcare professional.